Kano Durbar Festival-A Majestic Celebration of Culture and Heritage

The ancient city of Kano in Kano state, Nigeria is the seat of the Kano Emirate in Northern Nigeria which is the second largest city in Nigeria after Lagos, playing a key role in the trans-Saharan trade in West Africa. The population of the city of Kano alone boast of over four million residents in 8 Local Government areas (Dala, Fagge, Gwale, Kano Municipal, Kumbotsso, Nasarawa, Tarauni and Ungogo) comprising 90 percent Sunni Muslims who are of mainly Hausa and Fulani. Minority residents includes settlers who are mostly Shiite, Christians, Kanuris and other major tribes in Nigeria such as the Igbos and Yorubas. The city of Kano is presided over by the 16th Fulani Emir of Kano, and the former Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria, Muhammadu Sanusi II, CON who was recently reinstated on May 24, 2024 as the traditional head by the Kano State government under the leadership of Governor Abba Yusuf after he was deposed by the former Governor of Kano state, Alhaji Abdullahi Umar Ganduje. The Kano Emirate Council is the custodian of the traditional affairs of the city and is presided over by the Kano State Government. Islam has been the predominant religion of the city since the 11th century. Kano is one of the commercial centers of Nigeria as a result of trade in groundnut, wheat, leather as well as livestock, it is also home to one of the richest men in Africa, Alhaji Aliko Dangote.

History of the KANO DURBAR

The Durbar festival in Kano has always been celebrated annually for over 200 years except for in 2012 when it was cancelled due to the poor health of the Emir, Ado Bayero (1963–2014) at the time and partly because of the Boko Haram insurgency at the time. In pre-colonial times, it was initially a military parade, organized by the Emir to display the readiness of the troops and to celebrate religious and significant political events. The Durbar began in the 1900 after the city of Kano was included in the colonial government of the British empire after the Battle of Kano. Kano replaced Lokoja as the administrative center of the colonial government in Northern Nigeria before the amalgamation. The first significant Durbar in Nigeria was held on January 1, 1900, marking the transition of the Royal Niger Company to an Imperial Protectorate. This event helped naturalize the policy of indirect rule. The Kano Durbar festival was used as a public display of Kano’s traditional history and culture to welcome Emirs, governors, colonial district heads, and even such notable guests such as the Prince of Wales who visited Kano in 1925 and Queen Elizabeth II in 1956 before Nigeria gained her independence in 1960. It was not until FESTAC 77 that the Kano Durbar was divorced from its colonial influence to become associated with Sallah festivities celebrating Kano’s cultural importance and powerful influence in Nigeria. Celebration of the Kano Durbar in the post-colonial era has been quite remarkable further solidifying the cultural attributes and diversity of Nigeria in the North, in Africa and globally.

The Kano Durbar and Power Tussle

The Kano Durbar, an age-old cultural festival, has recently been marked by significant political upheaval. In 2020, the then-Emir Muhammadu Sanusi II was deposed by the former Governor of Kano State, Alhaji Abdullahi Umar Ganduje, for alleged insubordination. Alhaji Aminu Ado Bayero, a cousin of Sanusi, succeeded him.

However, on May 24, Muhammadu Sanusi II was reinstated as Emir by the new Governor of Kano, Abba Yusuf. In a significant move, Governor Yusuf also dismissed the rulers of five emirates — Kano, Bichi, Karaye, Gaya, and Rano — that had been established by the former Governor Ganduje.

The first Kano Durbar Festival of 2024 took place in April, presided over by Alhaji Aminu Ado Bayero during the Eid al-Fitr celebration. Despite police orders banning durbar festivities during Eid al-Adha in June, following Sanusi’s reinstatement, Muhammadu Sanusi II proceeded with the celebration in his capacity as Emir. In his Sallah address, Emir Sanusi surrounded by sounds of the Kaakaaki trumpets emphasized the importance of following the teachings of Prophet Muhammad, particularly the need to help the needy during Eid al-Adha. Meanwhile, the deposed Emir Aminu Ado Bayero observed his Eid prayers at the Nassarawa Palace.

Despite the political power tussle within the Kano Emirate, the Durbar festivities were widely celebrated and praised for their peaceful execution in Kano and throughout Nigeria.

The Kano Durbar Festivities

The Kano Durbar, also known as Hawan Sarki (the Riding of the King), is an annual cultural, horse-riding festival synonymous with the Muslim holidays of Eid al-Adha and Eid al-Fitr, marking the conclusion of Ramadan. This festival is celebrated in many Northern Nigerian cities such as Kano, Katsina, Sokoto, Zazzau, Bauchi, Bida, and Ilorin. However, the Kano Durbar is the most prominent, attracting tourists from Europe, America, and Asia, in addition to residents of southern Nigeria who come to witness this grand spectacle.

Preparation for the Durbar Festival is a year-long process that involves meticulous planning and coordination among various stakeholders. The Kano Emirate Council, led by the Emir, plays a central role in planning the event. Local government officials, cultural organizations, and community leaders also contribute to the preparations. Sponsorship often comes from various sources such as government funding, corporate sponsors, and private contributions. This broad support reflects the widespread enthusiasm for the festival both within and outside the city of Kano.

The Durbar is a multi-day event featuring thousands of elaborately costumed horses and riders, footmen, acrobats, musicians, and courtiers. Each day of the festival holds significant importance, scheduled as follows:

The first day (Hawan Sallah): The Emir and his entourage ride to the Eid prayer ground and then through different quarters of the city, meeting the State Governor and delivering a Sallah message. The event commences with a highly colorful and opulent procession through the city to the Emir’s palace, led by expert horsemen from the royal court and royal families, supported by drummers, trumpeters, artillerymen, and traditional circus performers. As the horsemen approach the palace, they divide into groups and charge toward the Emir, stopping only feet in front of the seated dignitaries to show their respect and loyalty. Each group is led by the district head (Hakimai) or a titled nobleman from the emir’s court (Masarauta). During the Durbar, the Emir makes a stunning appearance, clad in a variety of hues and decorated with regal regalia.

The second day (Hawan Daushe): Known as the oldest ride, the Emir visits the Palace of the Queen Mother and several city quarters, culminating in a cavalry salute (Jahi) to the Emir at the palace (Gidan Rumfa). This parade takes place in the afternoon and ends at sunset, providing great light for the festivities. It is considered the best day of the Kano Durbar, featuring a series of historic family quarters and a return to the palace through the Kofar Kudu gate for the Jahi, where horsemen gallop across the esplanade of the Great Mosque with swords drawn, passing the Emir and stopping to salute him.

The third day (Hawan Nassarawa): Known as the Victory Parade, the Emir pays a visit to the Nassarawa Palace, prays at his ancestors’ tombs, and pays homage to Kano State officials at the Government House. This day is particularly interesting for photography and for observing the various groups participating in the Durbar, such as the Tauris. It also offers an opportunity to visit the interior of the Emir’s palace and other government palaces, revealing a labyrinth of passages and beautiful squares where Hausa women of the Kutumbawa and Yan Amada clans play music on instruments made of pumpkins.

The fourth day (Hawan Dorayi): The Emir tours the Dorayi Palace outside the city, before returning to the city in a grand procession with the horsemen to the Gidan Rumfa, accepting greetings along the way. The Durbar concludes at Kofar Kwaru as the titleholders give the Emir one final salute before he leaves for the palace. This day is the longest, starting before 8 am, and involves a choice between visiting the Dorayi or Fanisau palace.

The Kano Durbar is a magnificent spectacle, combining elements of tradition with symbolic representations of power. It features figures of authority such as the Emir, courtiers, titleholders, horsemen, government officials, and religious leaders. Additionally, there is a sequence of processions and ceremonial events emphasizing unity and respect for traditional and constitutional leaders in colorful, elaborate outfits for riders and horses, ornamental silver spears, and large umbrellas symbolizing authority. The festival is a true display of leadership, respect, and synergy among the traditional ruler of Kano, the Emir, political office holders in Kano State, as well as in Nigeria, and Islamic leaders in Kano.

Religion and the Durbar

Asides from the festival coinciding with the end of Ramadan fast and culmination of the Hajj pilgrimage, the Emir and other dignitaries participate in communal prayers and other religious observances, emphasizing the festival’s spiritual significance. Islamic scholars and leaders often give sermons and lead prayers, highlighting the intersection of faith and culture.

The Emirates and Ruling Families

The Durbar Festival is not limited to Kano; it is also celebrated in various emirates across Northern Nigeria, including Katsina, Zaria, and Sokoto. Each emirate has its unique traditions and variations of the Durbar, but all share a common heritage. Prominent ruling families and houses play a key role in the festival, showcasing their history and contributions to their communities. These families, often with centuries-old lineage, bring a sense of continuity and tradition to the celebrations.

Cultural Attires during the Kano Durbar

The Kano Durbar is a distinctive display of Hausa culture, tradition, and status which is evident in the cultural attires of different groups. Each group, from chiefs and title holders to women, horsemen, and even the horses wear distinctive and elaborate costumes that add to the grandeur of the event.

Chiefs and Title Holders

The chiefs and title holders, known as the Masarauta, are adorned in richly embroidered robes called “Babban Riga” or “Kaftans”. These garments are often made from luxurious fabrics such as silk or high-quality cotton and are intricately decorated with detailed embroidery, often in gold or silver thread. Over the Babban Riga, they wear “Jalabiya”, long flowing gowns, which add an extra layer of elegance.

Turbans: They wear turbans called “Rawanis” that signify their status. The style and color of the turban can indicate their rank within the hierarchy. For example, the “Rawani Mai Kunne Biyu”, or the two-eared turban, is worn by princes of the royal family, while the “Rawani Mai Kunne Daya”, or one-eared turban, is worn by members of the nobility.

Accessories: Chiefs often carry ornamental swords, spears, or staffs that are symbols of their authority. They might also wear “Dantabas” (decorative belts) and “Alkyabas” (embroidered shoes).

Women

On the other hand, women, especially those from noble families, dress in elaborate and colorful traditional attire.

Garments: They typically wear “Abaya” or “Kaftans”, which are long, flowing dresses made from fine fabrics like silk or chiffon, often adorned with intricate embroidery and beadwork.

Headscarves and Veils: Women cover their heads with beautifully embroidered “Hijabs” or “Geles” (headwraps) that match their outfits. In some cases, they might also wear “Niqabs” (face veils) that add an element of mystery and modesty.

Jewelry: Women accessorize with elaborate jewelry, including gold or silver necklaces, bracelets, earrings, and rings, which often feature traditional designs and gemstones.

Horsemen

The horsemen, who are a central feature of the Durbar, wear impressive and colorful costumes that are designed to stand out during the parades.

Robes and Tunics: Horsemen don brightly colored robes and tunics that are often embroidered with intricate patterns. These garments are both practical and decorative, allowing for ease of movement while riding.

Armor and Capes: Some horsemen wear traditional armor, such as chainmail or leather gear, reflecting the historical military aspect of the Durbar. Others wear flowing capes that billow out as they ride, adding to the spectacle.

Turbans and Helmets: Like the chiefs, horsemen wear turbans or helmets. The turbans are often less elaborate but still richly decorated. Helmets might be adorned with feathers or other ornaments.

Footwear: They wear sturdy, yet decorative boots suitable for riding.

Horses

The horses themselves are also lavishly adorned, complementing the attire of their riders.

Saddles and Bridles: The saddles and bridles are often made from high-quality leather and are decorated with intricate embroidery, beadwork, and sometimes silver or brass fittings.

Blankets and Caparisons: Horses are draped in brightly colored blankets and caparisons that match the riders’ outfits. These might feature traditional patterns and motifs.

Plumes and Tassels: Decorative plumes and tassels are attached to the horses’ bridles and saddles, adding to the festive and majestic appearance.

The Kano Durbar celebrations are a vibrant and colorful display of Hausa heritage, with each participant’s attire contributing to the overall splendor and historical significance of the event.

Sideshows During the Kano Durbar

The Kano Durbar Festival is not only a grand display of equestrian prowess and royal pageantry but also a vibrant cultural spectacle filled with a variety of sideshows that captivate attendees. These sideshows add layers of entertainment, cultural expression, and traditional artistry to the festival, making it a truly immersive experience.

Traditional Music and Dance

One of the most prominent sideshows is the traditional music and dance performances. Musicians play traditional instruments such as the Kaakaki (long trumpet), Algaita (reed wind instrument), and various drums. The rhythmic beats and melodic tunes create an energetic atmosphere, while dancers in colorful costumes perform traditional Hausa dances. These performances often take place in public squares and along the procession routes, drawing crowds of enthusiastic spectators.

Acrobatic Displays

Acrobatic displays are another highlight of the Durbar sideshows. Skilled acrobats perform daring feats of balance, agility, and strength, often using simple props like ropes, hoops, and poles. Their performances are a testament to their physical prowess and are met with awe and applause from the audience. These acrobats, often referred to as Yan Dabba, are a beloved feature of the Durbar festivities.

Magicians and Tricksters

Magicians, known as Tsatsibas, are a fascinating part of the Durbar sideshows. Belonging to the Matsafa clan, these magicians showcase their talents with tricks and illusions that leave the audience spellbound. Their acts include sleight of hand, mind reading, and other traditional forms of magic that have been passed down through generations.

Wrestling Matches

Traditional wrestling matches, or Dambe, are also a popular attraction. These matches pit local champions against each other in a display of strength, skill, and strategy. The wrestlers, dressed in traditional attire, engage in bouts that are both competitive and ceremonial, often accompanied by drumming and chanting from supporters.

Crafts and Artisans

Throughout the festival, various artisans set up stalls to display and sell their crafts. These include traditional Hausa textiles, leatherwork such as the Hausa ottoman leather pouf stool, pottery, and beadwork. Visitors can watch the artisans at work, learning about the intricate processes involved in creating these beautiful items. The stalls provide an opportunity to purchase unique souvenirs and support local craftsmanship.

Food and Refreshments

No festival is complete without food, and the Kano Durbar is no exception. Numerous food vendors offer a variety of traditional Nigerian dishes and snacks. Attendees can enjoy delicacies such as Suya/Kilishi (spicy grilled meat), Masa (rice cakes), Fura da nono (millet and milk drink), and more. The food stalls are a hub of activity, providing a place for people to relax, eat, and socialize.

Horse Racing and Cavalry Displays

In addition to the main parades, there are often horse racing events and cavalry displays. Skilled horsemen showcase their riding abilities in competitive races, while others demonstrate intricate cavalry maneuvers and formations. These events highlight the importance of horses in the Durbar and the skill of the riders.

Storytelling and Oral Traditions

Storytellers, or marokas, plays a key role in preserving and sharing the oral traditions of the Hausa people. During the Durbar, these storytellers captivate audiences with tales of history, folklore, and moral lessons. Their engaging narratives and expressive performances are a cherished part of the festival, providing both entertainment and education.

The Hyena Man

Another unique and intriguing sideshow at the Kano Durbar is the appearance of the Hyena Man. This performer is known for handling and showcasing hyenas, often seen as mysterious and powerful animals in local folklore. The Hyena Man demonstrates his control over these animals, performing various tricks and feats that leave the audience both awestruck and slightly apprehensive.

Drums on the Dromedaries

A special musical performance at the Durbar involves drummers playing atop dromedaries (camels). These drums, known for their deep, resonant sounds, can only be played in front of the Emir. The drummers, perched high on the camels, create a mesmerizing auditory and visual spectacle as they perform complex rhythms. This exclusive performance is a mark of respect and honor to the Emir, adding to the regal ambiance of the festival.

Significance of the Kano Durbar

The Durbar Festival is a time of joy and festivity for the entire Kano State and Nigeria at large. Alongside the formal horse-riding processions and ceremonies, there are numerous funfair activities, including markets, food stalls, and entertainment for children. Traditional games, storytelling, and crafts are also part of the festivities, providing a rich, immersive experience for both locals and visitors.

The Kano Durbar Festival, a vibrant and culturally rich event, holds significant importance across various dimensions, including cultural heritage, social cohesion, political dynamics, economic impact, and religious significance. Asides from boosting tourism, generating revenues, and passing down historic traditions of the people of Kano, the Durbar is the celebration of Kano’s history, importance and culture within Nigeria. It reinforces the local pride and sense of belonging among the indigenes of Kano. The festival is a symbol of traditional authority of the Emir and how it enhances the political synergy among the citizens, the Kano State Government and Islamic leaders in the North. This is further emphasized as the Durbar is celebrated during the most important period in Islam (Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha).

The Durbar Festival is a multifaceted event of immense importance, fostering cultural preservation, social unity, political respect, economic growth, religious observance, and educational enrichment. It stands as a testament to the enduring legacy and vibrant culture of Kano and its people.